Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Recognizing ulcerative colitis symptoms early is essential for managing flare-ups and improving quality of life. The condition can affect people of all ages, although it often starts between the ages of 15 and 30. Understanding its symptoms, both common and severe, can help you seek timely treatment.
Common Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis
The symptoms of ulcerative colitis vary depending on the severity and location of inflammation. Here are the most common indicators:
- Abdominal Pain and Cramping: Usually located in the lower left side and may worsen after meals.
- Chronic Diarrhea: Frequent, urgent bowel movements, sometimes with blood or pus.
- Blood in Stool: Bleeding can cause red streaks or darker, tar-like stool.
- Urgency to Defecate: A sudden, uncontrollable need to use the bathroom.
- Fatigue: Chronic inflammation and blood loss may reduce energy levels.
- Weight Loss: Poor nutrient absorption or fear of eating can lead to weight loss.
- Fever: Mild fever may appear during flare-ups or infections.
- Rectal Pain or Bleeding: Inflammation in the rectum often causes pain and bleeding.
Learn more from the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.
Less Common Symptoms
In addition to the primary gastrointestinal symptoms, UC can cause a range of extraintestinal issues:
- Joint Pain orSwelling
- Skin Irritations or Rashes
- Eye Inflammation
- Mouth Sores
These symptoms may indicate systemic inflammation and should not be ignored. Visit the Mayo Clinic’s Ulcerative Colitis Overview for more details.
Types of Ulcerative Colitis and Related Symptoms
The location of inflammation impacts the symptoms you may experience:
- Ulcerative Proctitis: Limited to the rectum; includes rectal bleeding and urgency.
- Proctosigmoiditis: Affects rectum and sigmoid colon; includes cramping and bloody diarrhea.
- Left-sided Colitis: Involves the left side of the colon; includes pain and weight loss.
- Pancolitis: Involves the entire colon; causes severe diarrhea, fatigue, and significant weight loss.
For a complete breakdown, visit Johns Hopkins Medicine – Types of UC.
When to See a Doctor
If you're experiencing persistent abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, or any of the above symptoms for more than a few days, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. Delayed treatment can lead to complications such as:
- Severe dehydration
- Colon perforation
- Toxic megacolon
- Increased risk of colon cancer
To find help, check out Cleveland Clinic's UC Resources.
Managing and Treating UC
Although there is no cure for ulcerative colitis, symptoms can be managed with the right combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery. Typical treatment plans may include:
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Immunosuppressants
- Biologic therapies
- Nutritional support and diet changes
Explore treatment options at WebMD – Ulcerative Colitis Treatment.